Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Valentine’s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine’s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.
Valentine’s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine’s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless
2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away
3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way
4.[A] problems [B] secrets [C] names [D] intentions
5.[A] rolls [B] piles [C] works [D] slips
6.[A] cast [B] caught [C] drew [D] found
7.[A] given [B] chosen [C] elected [D] delivered
8.[A] tells [B] means [C] makes [D] has
9.[A] after [B] since [C] as [D] from
10.[A] ordered [B] pleaded [C] envisioned [D] believed
11.[A] other [B] simply [C] rather [D] all
12.[A] disliked [B] defied [C] defeated [D] dishonored
13.[A] celebration [B] arrangement[C] feast [D] eve
14.[A] goat [B] saint [C] model [D] weapon
15.[A] because [B] made [C] instead [D] learnt
16.[A] part [B] representative[C] judgement [D] symbol
17.[A] story [B] wander [C] arrow [D] play
18.[A] portray [B] require [C] demand [D] alert
19.[A] Keeping [B] Disapproving[C] Supporting [D] Forgetting
20.[A] constructive [B] damaging [C] reinforcing [D] retorting
答案
1. B 2. A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
11. C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19D. 20. B
1.[精解]本題考查連詞用法辨析。空格處填入的連詞應反映空格所在分句和下一句之間的邏輯關系。四個選項,while表時間或讓步,意為“當……的時候”或“雖然,盡管”;when表時間,意為“當……的時候”;though表讓步,意為“盡管,雖然”;unless表條件,意為“除非”。根據文意,兩個分句之間是時間關系,因此需要在while和when之間選擇。when既可指一段時間,也可指一個時間點,既可表示持續的動作,也可表示一時性的動作;while則只能表示持續性的動作或狀態。如:When she comes,(指一個時間點,不能用while)I shall tell her to wait for you.(她來的時候我會叫她等你的。)When Jim was reading,(指一段時間,可用while)Jack was writing.(吉姆閱讀的時候,杰克在寫東西。)空格所在分句中的動作roamed不是持續性的動作,只能用when,[B]正確。
2.[精解]本題考查短語動詞辨析。空格處填入的介詞或副詞與call構成短語動詞,接sb. to do sth.作復合賓語。符合要求的是[A],call upon sb. to do sth.意為“請求/要求某人做某事”,如:We call on every friend to support the plan.(我們請求每一位朋友支持這項計劃。)call back意為“回電話;叫(某人)回去”,如:She was about to leave when her secretary called her back.(她正要離開突然秘書叫她回去。)call off意為“取消,停止進行”,一般接sth.作賓語,如:call off a deal/trip(取消交易/旅行)。call away意為“叫走,叫到別處去”,如:He was called away by his friends.(他被朋友叫走了。)
3.[精解] 本題考查固定短語。不存在in sb’s belief的搭配,所以首先排除[B]。其它項構成的固定搭配是:in sb.’s/sth.’s honor意為“向……表示敬意”,其形式也可以是in honor of sb./sth.,如:a ceremony in honor of those killed in the explosion(為紀念爆炸中的死難者所舉行的儀式)。in sb’s hands意為“受某人照料,被某人控制”,如:The matter is now in my lawyer’s hands.(這件事現在由我律師處理。)in sb’s way意為“以某人特有的方式”或“擋某人的路”,如:She does love you in her (own) way.(她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。)You’ll have to move—you’re in my way.(你得挪一挪,你擋了我的路。)根據文意,應選[A],表示“向他(即,牧神盧帕克斯)表示敬意”。
4.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。從空格所在的句子起到本段末為一個意群,其內容是關于抽簽選戀人的活動。由本段末句的name可知,本題應選[C],表示“女孩的名字被寫在紙上”。其它項,[A]問題,[B]秘密,[D]意圖,都不符合上下文文意。
5.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格處填入名詞,與of paper搭配。rolls of sth.意為“卷”,如:rolls of carpet/film(幾卷地毯/膠卷)。piles of sth.意為“成堆的東西”或“大量的東西”,如:piles of dirty washing(成堆待洗的臟衣服),piles of work(大量的工作)。works意為“著作,作品;工廠”,不與paper搭配。slip本身意為“紙條,便條,小紙片”,它常與of paper搭配,還是表示“紙條”。由于下文即本段倒數第二句出現了a slip,根據文意,應選[D]。
6.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。選項為四個動詞的過去式形式。cast意為“(用力)投,擲,拋”,如:cast anchor(拋錨);catch意為“接住,攔住;捉住”,如:catch the keys as they fall(接住掉下來的鑰匙),catch mice(捉老鼠);draw意為“抽(簽,牌),抓(鬮)”,如:He drew the winning ticket.(他抽到中獎彩券了。)find意為“發現”。根據文意,應表達“年輕男子從中抽出紙條”的含義,因此選[C]。
7.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。選項為四個動詞的過去分詞形式,與was構成被動式。give意為“給”;choose意為“選擇”;call意為“呼叫”;deliver意為“遞送,傳送”。由上文可知,“年輕男子抽出了寫有女孩名字的紙條”,因此女孩的名字是被“選中”,[B]正確。
8.[精解]本題考查習慣搭配。Legend has it意為“據傳說”,后面接賓語從句,是it替代的內容。又如:Legend has it that the lake was formed by the tears of a god.(據傳說這個湖是一位神仙的眼淚積聚而成的。)因此,本題選[D]。
9.[精解]本題考查介詞辨析。空格處填入一個介詞,后面接名詞短語a Roman priest,過去分詞named Valentine作后置定語修飾priest。[A]after意為“模仿,依照”,如:We named the baby after her grandmother.(我們以嬰兒祖母的名字給嬰兒取名。)該用法符合文意,空格所在句子相當于Valentine’s Day was named after a Roman priest。其它項雖然都可作介詞,since“自從”,as“作為”,from“從”,但不符合文意。
10.[精解]本題考查動詞辨析。空格處填入的動詞需接不定式的復合結構,即,sb. not to do sth.作賓語。符合要求的只有[A],order sb. to do sth.意為“命令/指揮/要求(某人做某事)”,如:The officer ordered them to fire.(軍官命令他們開火。)從含義上判斷也只有[A]正確。
其它項動詞的用法:plead的搭配是plead with sb. to do“懇求(某人做某事)”,如:She pleaded with him not to go.(她懇求他不要離開。)envision意為“展望,想象”,一般只接sth.作賓語,如:envision an equal society(向往一個平等社會)。believe意為“相信”,可接sb.,sth.或從句作賓語,但不接不定式,如:I don’t believe you.(我不相信你的話。)Don’t believe a word of it.(千萬別相信那些話。)People used to believe that the earth was flat.(人們一度認為地球是平的。)
11.[精解]本題考查固定結構。would rather... than...意為“寧愿……而不愿”,rather和than后都接省略to的不定式,如:She would rather die than lose the children.(她寧愿死也不愿失去孩子們。)因此[C]為正確項。[A]other只能作形容詞或代詞,表示“別的,其他的”或“另一個人或事”,放入空格中不符合語法。[B]simply(僅僅)和[D]all(全部,都)可作副詞,放入句中只能修飾stay home,而與后面的than無法呼應。
12.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。選項中的四個動詞分別是:dislike“不喜歡,厭惡”;defy“藐視,挑釁”;defeat“擊敗”;dishonor“使……蒙羞”。上文提到,“國王禁止士兵結婚”,而下文則提到,“瓦倫丁秘密讓年輕人成婚”。顯然,這是“藐視國王”的做法。正確項是[B]。
13.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格部分“the of Lupercalia”與上文“February 14th”是同位語的關系。Lupercalia一詞在第一段首句中出現,指“牧神節”。第一段第三句提到該節日的時間是2月15日。因此2月14日是該節日的前夕,故本題應選[D]eve。celebration意為“慶祝”;arrangement意為“安排”;feast意為“節日;宴會”。
14.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。由下文可知,牧師們設定了一個專門的節日來紀念瓦倫丁,而不再紀念牧神。可見瓦倫丁變成了一個“圣人”,而不是“山羊”,“模范”或“武器”。因此,正確項是[B]saint。
15.[精解]本題考查固定短語。空格處填入的詞與介詞of搭配,連接兩個并列的名詞Valentine和Lupercus。[A]和[C]與of構成介詞短語:because of意為“因為”,后面一般接原因,如:We win the game because of his participation.(由于他的參與,我們贏了比賽。)instead of意為“代替,而不是”,如:I gave him advice instead of money.(我給了他忠告,而不是錢。)[B]和[D]則構成了過去分詞短語,(be) made of意為“由...構成”,如:Bread is chiefly made of flour.(面包主要由面粉做成。)learn of意為“聽到,獲悉”,如:I was sorry to learn of your illness.(聽說你病了,我感到不安。)從語法和含義上符合要求的是[C]instead。
16.[精解]本題考查名詞辨析。[A]part作可數名詞時,意為“部分,片斷,一點”,[B]representative意為“代表”,這兩個詞都強調整體與部分之間的關系,如:We have done the difficult part of the job.(我們已完成了工作的困難部分。)The tiger is a representative of the cat family.(老虎是貓科動物的典型。) [C] judgement作可數名詞時,意為“看法,意見,評價”,如:He refused to make a judgement of the situation.(他拒絕對形勢作出評價。)symbol意為“象征”,如:White is a symbol of purity.(白色是純潔的象征。)由下文可知,人們通過情人節的一些舉動來表達愛意,因此它是愛的象征,應選擇[D]symbol。
17.[精解]本題考查文化常識。god Cupid 指“愛神丘比特”,他手持具有愛情魔力的弓箭,被其射中者將墜入情網。因此本題應選[C]arrow。另外,從搭配上看,[A]story“故事,敘述”和[D]play“游戲,玩耍,比賽”都不與介詞into搭配。[B]wander可與into搭配,意為“閑逛,游蕩,流浪(進入某地)”,如:Cows and goats sometimes wander into minefields, getting killed.(母牛和山羊有時游蕩到礦區里而被殺死。)顯然,[D]不符合文意。
18.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格處填入動詞,其主語是“愛神丘比特和他的箭”,賓語是“愛上某人或談戀愛”。portray意為“描繪,描畫;表現”;require意為“需要,要求”;demand意為“要求”;alert意為“向……報警,使警覺”。根據句意,應選[A]portray。
19.[精解]本題考查動詞辨析。空格所在句子為全文的最后一句,其主干結構為__19__ to give flowers can be as... as forgetting a birthday。該句中有一個比較結構,因此相比較的事物應具有一定的可比性。首先從語法上看,能接不定式作賓語的只有[D]forget,如:He forgot to pay me.(他忘了付給我錢。)keep一般接動名詞作賓語,如:keep smiling(繼續保持笑容)。disapprove接of sth./sb.作賓語,如:He strongly disapproved of the changes.(他強烈反對變革。)support接sb./sth.作賓語,如:support a proposal/people with AIDS(擁護一項提議/援助愛滋病患者)。其次,forgetting一詞在下文中也出現,含義上出現了呼應。
20.[精解]本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格處應填入形容詞,構成“as+形容詞+as”的同級比較結構。因此,該形容詞說明的是上文“在圣瓦倫丁節忘記給妻子或戀人送花”和下文“忘記生日或結婚紀念日”共同的特點。constructive意為“建設性的,有益的,積極的”,如:constructive criticism/suggestion/advice(建設性的批評/提議/忠告)。damaging意為“造成破壞的,有害的”,如:damaging consequences(破壞性的后果)。reinforcing是動詞reinforce“加強,充實;加固”的現在分詞,retorting是動詞retort“反駁,回嘴”的現在分詞,一般都不作形容詞用。 根據文意,該特點是負面性的,消極的,因此,[B]為正確項。
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured. His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920’s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution.
Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he “reached bedrock,” Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist viewpoint—and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical novel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument” (New Masses, January 1917), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels—1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight (written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsay’s words, for the “true completion of the national destiny.”
Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1910’s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving into contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epithets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Franco’s soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the present—trying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. In the series of novels known collectively as “The British Way,” and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: “Everything must be different, I can’t live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?” To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn’t give him any explicit answer.
1. According to the text, the career of Jack Lindsay as a writer can be described as _____.
[A]inventive [B]productive [C]reflective [D]inductive
2. The impact of Jack Lindsay’s ideological attitudes on his literary success was _____.
[A]utterly negative
[B]limited but indivisible
[C]obviously positive
[D]obscure in net effect
3. According to the second paragraph, Jack Lindsay firmly believes in______.
[A]the gloomy destiny of his own country
[B]the function of literature as a weapon
[C]his responsibility as an English man
[D]his extraordinary position in literature
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__________.
[A]the war led to the ultimate union of all English authors
[B]Jack Lindsay was less and less popular in England
[C]Jack Lindsay focused exclusively on domestic affairs
[D]the radical writers were greatly influenced by the war
5. According to the text, the speech at the end of the tex__________t.
[A]demonstrates the author’s own view of life
[B]shows the popular view of Jack Lindsay
[C]offers the author’s opinion of Jack Lindsay
[D]indicates Jack Lindsay’s change of attitude
(1)verse(n.)詩,詩節,詩句,詩篇(v.)作詩;使熟練或者精通He ~ed himself in philosophy他對于哲學很精通
(2)prolific(a.)多產的,多育的,豐富的
(3)obscure(a.)暗的,朦朧的,模糊的,晦澀的,無名的(v.)遮掩;使模糊,使朦朧;使失色
(4)venture(n.)冒險,風險,投機(v.)冒險,敢于,冒昧地說;為贏利而進行冒險的企業joint ~合資企業
(5)bedrock(n.)巖床;根底,基礎;基本原則[事實];最低點[額] come/get down to ~窮根究底;山窮水盡
(6)negligible(a.)可以忽略的;不重要的,微不足道的;neglectable(a.)可忽視的
(7)formulate(v.)用公式表示,明確地表達,作簡潔陳述,闡明(n.)formulation
(8)conviction(n.)深信,確信;定罪;convict(v.)證明……有罪(n.)罪犯;convince(v.)使確信,使信服
(9)trilogy(n.)三部劇,三部曲;tri-前綴表示“三”,如triangle三角形
(10)vivify(v.)使有生氣,使生動,使活躍;vivific(a.);-viv-詞根表示“生活,生命”
(11)disintegration(n.)瓦解,分裂,崩潰;蛻變,衰變;integration(n.)結合,綜合
(12)epithet(n.)綽號,稱號
(13)manipulation(n.)處理,操作,操縱;manipulate(v.)
(14)heavy-handed笨手笨腳的;其它與hand相關的復合詞包括:empty-handed空手的;even-handed公平的;freehanded徒手的,大方的
(15)didacticism(n.)教訓主義didactic(a.)教誨的,說教的
(16)to one’s credit使值得贊揚,使受尊重,如To his credit, Jack never told anyone what had happened.杰克對所發生的事守口如瓶,值得贊揚。
In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.
That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beasts—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men’s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.
There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.
As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.
1. The author’s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of _____.
[A] skepticism [B] approval [C] indifference [D] disgust
2. By “But to...it is not so”(Line 7) the author implies that _____.
[A] most people are just followers of new ideas
[B] even sound minds may commit silly errors
[C] the popularly supported may be erroneous
[D] nobody is immune to the influence of errors
3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “There are various... to do so” (Line 17-20)?
[A] Principles of history and philosophy are hard to deal with.
[B] People like to see what other people do for their own model.
[C] The educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life.
[D] That everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.
4. Which of the following did the author probably suggest?
[A] Support not the most supported.
[B] Deny everything others believe.
[C] Throw all tradition into trashcan.
[D] Keep your eyes open all the time.
5. The author develops his writing mainly by means of _____.
[A] reasoning [B] examples [C] comparisons [D] quotations
The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.
I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.
Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.
1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.
[A] corrective measures [B] encouraging methods
[C] preventive efforts [D] revolutionary actions
2. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?
[A] People used to be forced to work under whips.
[B] The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.
[C] Incentives are always less available than regulations.
[D] People have an instinct of working less and getting more.
3. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of______.
[A] reluctant acceptance [B] sheer pessimism
[C] mild optimism [D] extreme hopefulness
4. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of______.
[A] free market [B] military control
[C] strict regulations [D] unrestrained labors
5. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s______.
[A] hatred [B] affection [C] stubbornness [D] rejection
(1)provision(n.)提供,供給,如the ~ of housing提供住房
(2)sanction(n.)制裁;約束;處罰
(3)whip(n.)鞭子(本文中喻指激勵措施)
(4)dispensation(n.)分發,分配
(5)dirty work 討厭的工作,卑鄙齷齪的事
(6)arm(n.)(單數形式,與of sth.搭配)分部,職能部門,如the research ~ of the company(公司的科研部門)
(7)heyday(n.)全盛期
(8)in reserve儲備,備用,如The money was being kept ~ for their retirement.(他們把錢存著以備退休后使用。)
(9)marshal(v.)集結,收集,整理,安排,如to ~ forces/one’s thoughts(集結隊伍/整理想法)
Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”
In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “By then, you’ve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we don’t consider old enough to order a drink shouldn’t be considering plastic surgery.”
In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to “cater for the average person”, agrees. He says:“I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, £3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.”
Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid £2,500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “I had my legs done because they’d been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I don’t think there’s any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.”
1. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is to _____.
[A] be physically healthy [B] look more normal
[C] satisfy appetite [D] be accepted by media
2. According to the third paragraph, Dr. Davies implies that_____.
[A] cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having
[B] cosmetic surgery is too expensive
[C] cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person
[D] cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous
3. The statement “draws the line at operating on people” (Line 3, Paragragh 2) is closest in meaning to_____.
[A] removing wrinkles from the face [B] helping people make up
[C] enjoying operating [D] refusing to operate
4. It can be inferred from the text that____.
[A] it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18
[B] cosmetic surgery is now much easier
[C] people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery
[D] the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be
5. The text is mainly about _____.
[A] the advantage of having cosmetic surgery
[B] what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery
[C] the rea,son why cosmetic surgery is so popular
[D] the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery
(1)be driven(或go)to fantastic(或any/some/great/extraordinary等)lengths(to do sth.)竭盡全力;不遺余力,如:She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.(她竭盡全力讓自己的私生活不受干擾。)
(2)crave(v.)渴望,熱望,懇求
(3)heroic(a.)英勇的,英雄的;非常大的,巨大的
(4)proportionate(a.)成比例的,相應的,相稱的,如:Increasing costs resulted in ~ increases in prices.(成本增加使得價格相應提高。)
(5)cater for投合,迎合
(6)liposuction吸脂術,-lipo-脂肪,-suc-吸,如:blood sucker吸血者
(7)slope(n.)斜坡,山坡;坡度,斜度
(8)veteran(n.)老兵,老手
(9)deceptively(ad.)具有欺騙性地,騙人地,誤導地,如:a ~ simple idea(貌似簡單的想法)
(10)low key(a.)低調的,不招搖的,如:Their wedding was a very ~ affair.(他們的婚禮辦得很低調。)
(11)whet(v.)刺激……的欲望,增強……的興趣,如:The book will ~ your appetite for more of her work.(你看了這本書就會想讀她更多的著作。)
(12)rule out 排除在外,認為不適合
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blank. There is one extra choice that does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. (41) .
The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in Chto takoye iskusstvo? (1896; What Is Art?), has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake.” (42) .
Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value. (43) .
The analogy with laughter—which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interest—introduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste. (44) .
Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not. In articulating this judgment, we use all of the diverse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self-indulgence, and equally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness. (The same may apply to the object of natural beauty.) Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, it is only when motivated by good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us. (45) .
[A] Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?
[B] All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism: Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? (And, once again, the question may be extended to objects of natural beauty.)
[C] Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.
[D] Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of “cultivation”, during which a certain part of one’s “inner self” is “dug out” and some knowledeg of the outside world becomes its match.
[E] If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side.
[F] Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.
答案
41.C 42.F 43.A 44.E 45.B
試題精解
41.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:上下文內容的銜接。
本題空格出現在第一段末。第一段前兩句提出了兩種藝術價值理論:外在理論和內在理論。空格處的上一句,即第三句和空格處后的第一句,即第二段第一句都是對外在理論的討論。所以,空格處的內容應該與上下文一致,也對外在價值理論予以討論。選項[C]是關于藝術對于藝術欣賞者的影響,屬于外在價值理論的觀點,且恰好是對其上一句的闡釋。
42. [精解] 本題考核知識點:上下文內容的銜接 + 段落主題 + 指代詞的理解。
本題空格出現在第二段末。從上文來看,第二段的第二句開始由對藝術外在價值理論的討論轉入對藝術內在價值理論的討論。從下文來看,緊接空格處的第三段第一句指出:這兩種極端理論之間還有一些折中的觀點。所以,空格處內容肯定是對內在價值理論的討論。[F]為合適選項。且其中的such thinkers and writers恰好指上文提到的 Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde and the French Symbolists,上下文之間銜接自然。
43. [精解] 本題考核知識點:上下文內容的銜接 + 段落主題。
本空格的上文指出: 藝術外在價值理論和藝術內在價值理論之間存在著折中的觀點:對于藝術的欣賞應該基于藝術本身(內在),而對藝術的欣賞過程中則會有獨立價值的東西(外在)。下文中提到:這種和笑聲的類比本身就是一種審美價值。所以,空格處必定是利用“笑聲”來類比折中的藝術價值理論。[A]說明:笑聲是因為笑話本身的可笑(內在),但笑聲又有其獨立的價值——點亮我們的生活(外在價值)。恰好符合上下文的銜接,為正確選項。
44. [精解] 本題考核知識點:和上文內容的銜接 + 副詞的運用。
本空格的上文剛剛引出了一個新的抽象概念:品味。空格的下文利用simiarly說明,審美價值也正面和負面之分。緊接著,在審美價值(aesthetic interest)和品味(taste)之間建立聯系。所以,空格處內容必然是對“品味”進行解釋,并說明品味有好壞之分。這恰恰是選項[E]的內容
45. [精解] 本題考核知識點:對上文內容的總結
本空格出現在文章結尾處,所以必然是對上文內容的總結,[B]中 “all discussion of the value of art tends, therefore”非常適合做全文內容的總結。再對[B]的內容進行分析,其恰好是基于全文的討論,利用一個疑問句指出對藝術價值評判的關鍵問題:是否真的存在真正的臨界評價。
Directions:
Read the following text careflly and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (46)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (47)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (48)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (49)indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (50)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語的翻譯。
該句是由but連接的兩個并列分句:前一分句是簡單句,后一分句是主從復合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...,其中that引導賓語從句。從句中形容詞短語capable of...做后置定語,修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語可以按照漢語習慣譯為前置定語,即,“一種可以產生預期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法,譯為一個句子,增譯代詞“它”做主語。
詞匯:claim意為“宣稱,聲稱,說”;definite意為“肯定的,確定的;清楚的,明顯的”,它和technique搭配時取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的,期望的”,當它和results/effect等詞搭配時常常譯為“預期的”。
翻譯:其動機是宗教性質的,但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧,一種方法,它可以產生預期的政治效果。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語的翻譯和詞義的選擇。
該句的主干結構是:the method... was a sort of warfare。主語the method后有兩個后置定語:一個是省略關系代詞的定語從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個是過去分詞短語first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語的前置定語會很冗長,不符合漢語表達習慣。因此可把第一個定語前置,第二個定語轉譯為謂語。而真正的謂語前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語。表語a sort of warfare后是一個較長的同位語a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾名詞a way,翻譯時應前置。
詞匯:practice意為“練習,訓練;經常做;從事”等,在本句中與propose(提出)對應譯為“付諸實踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進化”,但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬,而應意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰,戰爭;斗爭,沖突”等,根據上下文,該詞應增譯為“斗爭的方式(方法)”。
翻譯:這個由甘地提出并付諸實踐的方法,最早起源于南非,是一種非暴力的斗爭方式,用既不傷害對方又不會引發仇恨的手段打敗敵人。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:定語和狀語的翻譯
該句是and連接的并列句,其主干結構是:Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時間狀語,修飾謂語served,翻譯時應放在句首。“on the British side”做后置定語,修飾stretcher-bearer,應譯為前置定語,即,“英方的擔架員”。
詞匯:serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作,服務,履行義務,盡職責”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊,和某人觀點一致”。
翻譯:早年間,在布爾戰爭期間甘地曾經為英方抬過擔架,而且在1914-1918年戰爭期間他又準備這么做。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語、主語從句的翻譯。
該句的主干是he did not take the... line,介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾賓語the line。由于定語太長,應采取拆譯法,另起一句。動名詞pretending后接有that引導的賓語從句。該從句由兩個并列的分句組成:both sides are... and it makes...,后一分句中it為形式主語,從句who wins為真正的主語,漢語中不存在這種語法形式,因此可以直接將從句內容譯為主語。
詞匯:line一詞的含義較多,但在本句中的含義是“態度,看法”;fruitless意為“沒有成果的,無成效的,徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”,本句中它后面跟有從句,應增譯為“假裝說”。
翻譯:而且也確實沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠實的態度,假裝說在所有戰爭中參戰雙方完全一樣,因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:插入語、后置定語的翻譯
該句的主干是I must say,后面是that引導的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個主從復合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer,其謂語和賓語之間插入了一個狀語成分,翻譯時可放在句首或謂語之前,譯為“從任何一個西方和平主義者那里我從未聽說過”或“我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽說過”。though引導轉折狀語從句,其中介詞短語of...做后置定語,修飾賓語evasions,可譯為前置定語,也可另起一句。
詞匯:evasion意為“躲避,逃避;借口,托詞”,根據上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說法”等。
翻譯:我必須說,我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽到過對該問題的誠實的答復,但是卻聽大了大量的躲閃之詞,通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。
Part A 51. Directions:
You read an advertisement on Beijing Weekly,in which a foreign company is looking for a secretary. Write a letter to the personnel department of the company telling them about
1) your age,
2) your educational background,
3) your work experience.
You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
范文
Dear Sun Xue,
We are very glad to receive your letter commenting on too much violence in TV programs and films. Now I am writing back on behalf of the Evening paper to express our sincere gratitude to you.
Your letter has drawn our attention to the problem of media programs. We think it extremely important that the public should be alarmed to it as well. Therefore, we would like to have your letter published next week in our paper, followed by an editorial, which, I am sure, will arouse attention from common people as well as the program makers concerned.
Again we would like to express our appreciation to your consideration and we are looking forward to your letters in future.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
Part B 52. Directions:
Now more people are buying lottery tickets. Study the following charts carefully and write an article on the topic of lottery. In your article, you should cover the following points:
1) describe the phenomenon;
2) analyze the phenomenon, and give your comments on it.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
Nowadays, more and more people, especially in big cities, become interested in buying lottery tickets. According to chart 1, averagely 70 percent of those polled in the survey, held in three big cities, claimed to have dreamed of winning the big prize of five-million yuan. 85 percent of those polled in Guangzhou had had such a dream, compared with 65 percent and 60 percent, respectively, in Beijing and Shanghai.
The attraction of buying lottery tickets is obvious. The winner can get the biggest profit for the future with only a small investment. It realizes the beautiful dream of every participant-to be richer and to improve living standards. As is shown in Chart 2, should they win a big lottery, 81.3% of people would buy a new house, 61.9% would buy a car, and 61.7% would save the money for the education of themselves or their kids. And a great proportion of people say they would put the money in the bank or use it for investment or touring. Despite all the attractions brought by the lottery buying, it has also come under criticism. Some regard it as a kind of gambling, which is a potentially addictive behaviour.
In my opinion, buying lottery tickets is not so bad as some people think. Instead, it is good for society by creating new jobs and representing an important source of income for charity and sports causes. Of course, it is not a means of making money for individuals we should encourage, because the result is hardly predictable. Therefore, we should take a positive but cautious attitude towards lottery buying behavior