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考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(一)

還在感慨考研英語難度很大、過線很難嗎？還在苦惱真題做了一遍又一遍，卻始終不得要領(lǐng)嗎？還在苦苦揣摩出題人的意圖卻毫無頭緒嗎？打開外語教學(xué)與研究出版社的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》，考研英語命題人張劍教授將親自為你分題型精解10年真題，教你領(lǐng)會(huì)出題人的意圖；并融會(huì)自己多年的命題經(jīng)驗(yàn)親自命制了5套高仿真模擬題，帶你走出題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)的誤區(qū)，達(dá)到事半功倍之效！

第一部分：英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用(選擇填空)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.

…

1.［A］ emphasize ［B］ maintain ［C］ modify ［D］ recognize

2.［A］ when ［B］ lest ［C］ before ［D］ unless

3.［A］ restored ［B］ weakened ［C］ established ［D］ eliminated

…

【答案解析】

1. 答案：B 【考點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞辨析】

分析：句子相關(guān)部分提到：法院無法……它作為法治衛(wèi)士的合法性。需要判斷什么動(dòng)詞能夠參與“合法性”搭配。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是［A］emphasize(強(qiáng)調(diào))，［B］maintain(維護(hù)，維持)，［C］modify(修改)，［D］recognize(認(rèn)識(shí)，辨認(rèn)出)。顯然，“維護(hù)合法性”是最佳搭配，因此選項(xiàng)［B］maintain是正確答案。其他選項(xiàng)的意思可能在局部能講得通，但是從整體來看會(huì)扭曲或誤解作者的意圖。

2. 答案：A 【考點(diǎn)：邏輯關(guān)系】

分析：句子相關(guān)部分提到：法院無法維護(hù)它作為法治衛(wèi)士的合法性，……法官的行為像政客一樣。由上下文可知，文章在談?wù)撜�治與司法的關(guān)系。作者認(rèn)為兩者應(yīng)該分離，否則司法就無法保持其獨(dú)立性，甚至?xí)�淪為政治的幫兇。因此本句應(yīng)該是一個(gè)條件句，表明在怎樣的條件下，“法院無法維護(hù)它作為法治衛(wèi)士的合法性”。再來看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)：［A］ when(如果……；當(dāng)時(shí))，［B］lest(免得)，［C］before(在……之前)，［D］unless(除非……)。不難看出，選項(xiàng)［A］when最符合句意。解答此題的關(guān)鍵是知道when可以引導(dǎo)條件句，意為“如果”。

3. 答案：B 【考點(diǎn)：上下文推理和動(dòng)詞辨析】

分析：句子相關(guān)部分提到：然而，好幾個(gè)例子顯示，法官的行為方式……法院的獨(dú)立性和公正性的聲譽(yù)。需要根據(jù)上下文的意思推斷“法官的行為”對(duì)“法院的獨(dú)立性和公正性的聲譽(yù)”產(chǎn)生了什么影響。由上一題的分析可知，政治與司法應(yīng)該分離，否則司法就無法保持其獨(dú)立性。從Yet推測，本題所在句是在舉例說明法官的行為損害了司法的獨(dú)立性。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：［A］restored(恢復(fù))，［B］weakened(削弱)，［C］established(建立)，［D］eliminated(消除；消滅)。正確答案肯定不會(huì)是“恢復(fù)”、“建立”，這與文意矛盾；“消除；消滅”無法與“聲譽(yù)”搭配。因此，選項(xiàng)［B］weakened符合題意。

……

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》作者簡介：張劍，北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院教授、博士生導(dǎo)師，英語學(xué)院副院長。連續(xù)多年參與全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題的命題工作，并曾參與英語專業(yè)四、八級(jí)考試，北京市高等教育自學(xué)考試和全國高考口試等工作。

考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(二)

第二部分：閱讀理解(Part A 多項(xiàng)選擇)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Text 2

A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along。

…

26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to

［A］condemning.　［B］reaffirming。

［C］dishonoring.　 ［D］securing。

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

［A］obtain protection from Vermont regulators。

［B］seek favor from the federal legislature。

［C］acquire an extension of its business license。

［D］get permission to purchase a power plant。

…

【答案解析】

26. 答案：C 【考點(diǎn)：猜測生詞】

分析：本題要求考生根據(jù)上下文信息猜測生詞reneging on的意思。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下：

［A］譴責(zé)。 ［B］ 重申。

［C］不遵守。 ［D］ 獲得。

文章首段一開始，作者就暗示安特吉公司將不遵守交易規(guī)則：“交易就是交易——除非涉及到安特吉公司”。由此可知該公司違約的事實(shí)，并且就此還引起軒然大波：這家新英格蘭的主要電力供應(yīng)商上周宣稱將……嚴(yán)格遵守核能規(guī)定的長期承諾時(shí)，這在佛蒙特州激起了合情合理的憤怒。因此，reneging on 的意思應(yīng)為“不履行，不遵守”，［C］dishonoring是正確答案。

27. 答案：D 【考點(diǎn)：識(shí)別正確信息】

分析：本題要求考生根據(jù)文意判斷，安特吉公司簽署2002年的協(xié)議時(shí)的意圖。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)如下：

［A］從佛州營監(jiān)管部門獲得保護(hù)。

［B］尋求聯(lián)邦立法機(jī)關(guān)的支持。

［C］獲得蒙特業(yè)執(zhí)照的延期。

［D］獲得批準(zhǔn)去收購一個(gè)電廠。

文章第三段提到，“這個(gè)沖突在2002年就開始顯現(xiàn)了，那時(shí)該公司收購了佛蒙特州唯一的核電廠，位于弗農(nóng)的一個(gè)老舊的核反應(yīng)堆。作為獲得州政府批準(zhǔn)該交易的條件，公司承諾如果2012年后繼續(xù)運(yùn)營需獲得州監(jiān)管部門的許可。”顯然，該公司在2002年作出承諾，如果在2012年后繼續(xù)運(yùn)營，必須獲得批準(zhǔn)，承諾的目的是為了讓州政府批準(zhǔn)它收購那里的一座核電廠。因此［D］get permission to purchase a power plant是正確答案。

……

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》

考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(三)

第三部分：閱讀理解(Part B 選擇匹配)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.　41.

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine。

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.　42.

I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing。

…

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day。

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players。

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.

[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

【答案解析】

41. 答案 C

分析：文章第一段設(shè)想了一個(gè)夢(mèng)，即坐飛機(jī)時(shí)懷里放著紙一樣薄的筆記本電腦，手里拿著薄薄的手機(jī)。第二段談了這個(gè)夢(mèng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)：在20世紀(jì)，這個(gè)既是打字機(jī)、又是印刷機(jī)，既是畫筆，又是美術(shù)館，既是工作室、又是劇院，既是郵件、又是郵差的個(gè)人電腦已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。然后，第三段談互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使個(gè)人電腦成了21世紀(jì)集生產(chǎn)、發(fā)布、接收、評(píng)論于一身的“文化機(jī)器”。［C］段講：個(gè)人電腦通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)被聯(lián)在一起，形成了一個(gè)世界性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這正好在第二段和第三段之間形成一個(gè)過渡，邏輯關(guān)系很明顯。因此，本題的答案是 ［C］。

42. 答案 D

分析：文章第四段提醒人們注意互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和個(gè)人電腦帶來的問題：“盡管有所有的理由來贊揚(yáng)計(jì)算機(jī)，我們還是要多加小心。”接著開始講上傳和下傳、創(chuàng)造和消費(fèi)的關(guān)系問題，作者將此描述為它們之間的“秘密戰(zhàn)爭”。［D］段講：聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電腦引起了上傳和下載之間、被動(dòng)接受和主動(dòng)創(chuàng)造之間的一場秘密戰(zhàn)爭，這正好解釋了為何要“多加小心”。因此，本題的答案是 ［D］。

……

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》

考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(四)

第四部分：閱讀理解(Part C 英譯漢)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

…

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are Line age — specific and not governed by universals。

【答案解析】

……

50. 喬姆斯基的語法應(yīng)該顯示出語言變化的模式，這些模式并不受語言譜系或貫穿譜系的路徑的影響；而格林堡的普遍性原則卻預(yù)言了特定的語法詞序關(guān)系類型之間所存在的緊密互依性。

【注釋】 本句是whereas引導(dǎo)的并列句，前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。1)主句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡單句 + 定語從句”。 patterns of language change that are independent of…，可譯為“獨(dú)立于……的語言變化模式”。其中，family tree指“語言譜系”，而不是“族譜”；pathway指的是語言的“發(fā)展路徑”。2)后半句中的whereas譯為 “而……”，co-dependencies意為“緊密互依性”。Particular types of word-order relations意為“特定的語法詞序關(guān)系類型”。總體上講，文章的話題較偏，涉及語言學(xué)和語言史。對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)語言學(xué)的同學(xué)比較有利，因?yàn)樗麄冎�道喬姆斯基和格林堡等人，以及他們的理論。而�?duì)于廣大理工科學(xué)生而言，可能文章有一定難度。

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》

考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(五)

第五部分：寫作(Part A 應(yīng)用文)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Part A

Directions:

Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to

1) extend your welcome and

2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here。

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead。

Do not write the address. (10 points)

【分析】

本題要求考生給即將來華的外國留學(xué)生寫一封100詞左右的電子郵件，對(duì)他們的到來表示歡迎，向他們介紹校園生活，并且提供建議。考生需要考慮歡迎信函如何措詞、外國留學(xué)生到校之后需要做的事情、在中國大學(xué)生活的特點(diǎn)以及如何才能適應(yīng)。

寫這樣一封信要求考生熟練掌握撰寫英文書信的格式和寫作方法。通常來講，一封電子郵件應(yīng)該包括：1)稱呼(address)；2)主要內(nèi)容(body)，包括問候、事由、說明等；3)收尾和落款(signature)。下面這篇范文供考生參考。

Dear international students,

Congratulations on your admission to this university. On behalf of the Students’ Union, I extend a warm welcome to you and look forward to your safe arrival at the beginning of the new term。

I’d like to offer you some information about life in this university. After paying the tuition fee and getting registered, you will need to check into your dormitory. The university canteen is probably the best place to have meals during the term, because food is tasty and inexpensive. If you prefer Western food, there is a cafeteria where you can get sandwiches and spaghetti. You will need to get a student card, which is identity card as well as cash card. You can use it to borrow books, pay for shop purchases, etc. The orientation for new students will probably take a whole week.

In advance I send you our best wishes and hope you will become a member of the Students’ Union。

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》

考研命題人張劍教授解析2012年考研真題(六)

第六部分：寫作(Part B 議論文)

2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題分析

Part B

Directions:

Write an essay of 160 ~ 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments。

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

【分析】

本題要求考生根據(jù)所提供的圖畫寫一篇160 ~ 200詞的文章。文章必須包括三個(gè)方面：1)簡單描述圖片；2)解釋圖片的含義；3)發(fā)表自己的評(píng)論。

在作文的第一部分中，考生應(yīng)該描述圖畫：圖中一個(gè)瓶子被打翻了，瓶中的液體流出了一半。兩個(gè)人看見了這一幕后，表情各不相同。一個(gè)很沮喪地說：“全完了！”；另一個(gè)開心地說：“幸好還剩點(diǎn)兒。”

在第二部分中，考生應(yīng)該解釋圖畫的含義：兩個(gè)人的不同表情實(shí)際上表明了兩種不同的心態(tài)，即他們看待事物的視角不同，一個(gè)悲觀，另一個(gè)樂觀。一個(gè)只看到了事物的陰暗面，另一個(gè)則看到了事物的光明面。

在第三部分中，考生應(yīng)該對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行評(píng)論：這幅圖給我們留下了這樣一種思考―我們應(yīng)該怎樣看待生活？應(yīng)該以怎樣的態(tài)度面對(duì)人生？

下面這篇范文僅供讀者參考。

In the picture, a bottle falls to the ground and a liquid spills out. Two men witness the accident and respond differently to it. One sadly holds his head with his hand, saying, “Everything is spoiled!” The other gladly notices the half of the oil that still remains in the bottle and rushes to pick it up, saying, “Fortunately, we still have some left。”

The picture is not just showing us a small accident, but it intends to tell us a matter of greater significance. The two men’s different responses to the accident actually show two different attitudes to life, or two different perspectives to view tragedy in life。

Life is full of ups and downs, which are part of one’s life journey in this world. The question is how we are going to take life’s pains or tragedies. Pessimists feel like the end of the world is coming, while optimists believe they can overcome them and become stronger. A girl student jumped from a tall building after she was abandoned by her boyfriend. A mother drowned her two mentally-handicapped twin sons because she could not see the end of her own suffering. While we are sympathetic for these unfortunate people, we sigh for their desperate actions.

No one’s life is plain sailing. But hard labour will make a person physically strong; hardships will make a person mentally strong. We sigh because one man did not see the bright side of life, “the half of the liquid that still remains”. The girl student did not understand that life could begin anew and happiness could be achieved elsewhere. The mother did not realize that the society and the government were willing to offer help. If they were more optimistic, things could be different. If we are all optimistic, the world will be changed。

本節(jié)內(nèi)容選自外研社出版的新書《張劍考研10年真題5套模擬》