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考研閱讀理解作為考研英語(yǔ)中的重頭戲，經(jīng)過(guò)多年的測(cè)試和調(diào)整，已經(jīng)具備了比較清晰的測(cè)試思路和目標(biāo)。通過(guò)對(duì)考研閱讀理解的整體把握和深入分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，每年的出題類型是比較固定的，于是給我們采取相應(yīng)的解題思路和方法提供的依據(jù)。

考研英語(yǔ)的大綱中明確提出了對(duì)考生閱讀技能方面的八點(diǎn)要求，分別是：

1、理解主旨要義

2、理解文中的具體信息

3、理解文中的概念性含義

4、進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申

5、根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的含義

6、理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系

7、理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度

8、區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)

其中大綱中的第5點(diǎn)明確指出了要求考生能夠根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的含義，于是專門(mén)測(cè)試這一方面能力的考研閱讀理解“猜詞題”應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。

一、猜詞題的判定

這類題型在考研閱讀中基本每年都會(huì)涉及：

28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Para 3)most probably means (2010 2)

34. the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who_____ (2010 3)

23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to_______(2009 1)

22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means________(2007 1)

21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________。(2006 1)

37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________。(2006 4)

通過(guò)觀察題干我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)題目的設(shè)置方式一般為：

“XXXX”(LineX, paragraphX) has closest meaning to_______ 。

“ XXXX”(LineX, paragraphX) most probably means _______。

二、邏輯關(guān)系在猜詞題中的運(yùn)用

猜詞題在最近17年的考研英語(yǔ)中總共出現(xiàn)過(guò)39次，而在2002年考研閱讀Part A部分的出題形式改變之后，總共出現(xiàn)過(guò)20詞，每年出題數(shù)量在2道左右，而對(duì)于這類題型，大綱中其實(shí)已經(jīng)給出了方法，即“根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的含義”，而“上下文”作為一個(gè)乍聽(tīng)比較寬泛的概念，一般在猜詞題的破解過(guò)程中包括邏輯關(guān)系、指代關(guān)系和特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)三種情況，我們看一下邏輯關(guān)系在猜詞題中的應(yīng)用。

英文文章行文緊湊，句與句之間的銜接也非常緊密，考試中常涉及的邏輯關(guān)系包括轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、因果、遞進(jìn)、并列等，而在具體的解題過(guò)程中，我們可以對(duì)其進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化處理：將句與句之間的關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單地分為順承和轉(zhuǎn)折兩類，順承表示前后語(yǔ)句同義，而轉(zhuǎn)折表示前后語(yǔ)句反義，于是對(duì)于并列、因果、遞進(jìn)而言，前后句在方向上并未發(fā)生變化，而轉(zhuǎn)折和讓步則不然。同時(shí)，我們知道在閱讀中應(yīng)當(dāng)把握具有感情色彩的詞匯，正性的詞匯用＋進(jìn)行標(biāo)記，如promising, driving force, positive等，而負(fù)性的詞匯用－進(jìn)行標(biāo)記，如handicap, problem, economic decline等，因此我們可以把題目簡(jiǎn)化成通過(guò)方向的不同來(lái)解題。我們看一下簡(jiǎn)單的漢語(yǔ)例子：

a、我們都希望自己有朝一日可以長(zhǎng)生不老，but我們知道，長(zhǎng)生不老是_______。

b、我們都希望自己有朝一日可以長(zhǎng)生不老，because我們知道，長(zhǎng)生不老是_______。

在這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的漢語(yǔ)句子中，前面一個(gè)分句表達(dá)了“長(zhǎng)生不老”是人們的一種訴求，可以用＋代替，而第一個(gè)句子前后轉(zhuǎn)折，第二個(gè)句子前后順承，于是第一句中劃線處所填詞匯必定為負(fù)性詞匯，如不可能的、無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的、沒(méi)有希望的，第二句劃線詞匯為正性詞匯，如可以的、有希望的等。按照這個(gè)思路，我們不難對(duì)具體的猜詞題目進(jìn)行判斷：

People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too。(2006.4)

37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________。

[A] religious    [B] unpleasant    [C] entertaining    [D] commercial

根據(jù)題干中的提示”Line 5, paragraph 5”我們很容易地定位到本段末句，通過(guò)分析段落，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)本段共包括4句話，前三句之間并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞匯，因此沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，而最后兩句之間出現(xiàn)Give all this作為連接，很明顯四句話之間均為順承關(guān)系，通過(guò)閱讀文章我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)前三句中出現(xiàn)的諸如misery, worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young, their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms等信息都是負(fù)性詞匯，因此bummer一詞必然表達(dá)了一種負(fù)面的含義，通過(guò)選項(xiàng)的分析，AD都為中性詞，只有B表達(dá)了負(fù)面含義，因此本題選擇B作為正確選項(xiàng)。

在不涉及到正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)的題目中，通過(guò)邏輯關(guān)系把握語(yǔ)義同樣可以適用，例如：

In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast s of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act。” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. (2006 1)

21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________。

[A] identifying    [B] associating    [C] assimilating    [D] monopolizing

通過(guò)題干信息我們很簡(jiǎn)單地將題目定位到本段第一句，在本句中通過(guò)瀏覽會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)表示邏輯關(guān)系的“in spite of”這一短語(yǔ)，于是我們知道，后半句中的homogenizing一詞必然與前半句中的 “endless talk of difference”相反，所以homogenizing一詞為difference的反義詞，選項(xiàng)C. assimilating(同化)符合題意，因此本題答案選擇C選項(xiàng)。

此外，本段中第一句與后面一句之間并未出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，說(shuō)明這兩句之間同樣是順承關(guān)系，而第二句中出現(xiàn)的uniformity和popular culture兩個(gè)信息點(diǎn)同樣提示我們，所考詞匯應(yīng)當(dāng)表達(dá)了與一致、相同有關(guān)的意思，按照這個(gè)思路我們同樣可以確定答案為C. assimilating。

在理解句子的題目中，邏輯關(guān)系也是我們解題的首選，如

The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive。

28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4)， the author implies that ________。

[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects    [B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties

[C] the town is not really short of money           [D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid

通過(guò)題干信息我們得知，Stratford這個(gè)地方一直在“哭窮”，通過(guò)前后銜接處的搜索，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本句只有出現(xiàn)了nevertheless一詞，因此我們知道，Stratford其實(shí)并不“窮”，比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，A中的cannot afford, B中的financial difficulties以及D中的poorly paid都說(shuō)明Stratford確實(shí)“窮”，只有[C] the town is not really short of money說(shuō)明這里其實(shí)并不窮，因此本題選擇C選項(xiàng)。

三、此類解題思路的推廣

本方法遵循了考研閱讀理解中“化簡(jiǎn)”的原則，盡可能地提煉主要信息，在考研閱讀理解其它題型以及完形填空的題目中，邏輯關(guān)系和正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)的思路依然可以適用，例如：

55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________。(2002.3)

[A] optimistic    [B] sensitive    [C] gloomy    [D] scared

根據(jù)題干我們可以判定這是一道態(tài)度題，這就需要我們把握文章的主線并且提煉出作者的態(tài)度，各段首句分別為；

第一段：Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?

第二段：The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports。

第三段：Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s。

第四段：Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price。

第五段：One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand。

在這幾個(gè)首句中，第一句的bad old days of economic decline表明了一個(gè)負(fù)性事件的發(fā)生，并且首句設(shè)問(wèn)(問(wèn)題答案型文章)，我們需要格外把握對(duì)問(wèn)題的回答，第二句中another一詞說(shuō)明本段是對(duì)第一段的延伸，第三段首句出現(xiàn)Yet一詞，并且之后的less severe一詞表明本段是正性態(tài)度，第四段中的also以及l(fā)ess dependent on oil和less sensitive to swings in the oil price說(shuō)明本段與之前一段的順承關(guān)系，末段首句的One more reason表明了最終作者的態(tài)度，因此通過(guò)邏輯關(guān)系和正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)的思路我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)，前兩段給出負(fù)性事件，后三段分別說(shuō)明不需要過(guò)于擔(dān)心的原因，題干橫線上可以標(biāo)明＋，選項(xiàng)中CD都為－所以首先排除，比較A樂(lè)觀的B敏感的，很容易得出作者的態(tài)度為A optimistic。

總之，邏輯關(guān)系是閱讀理猜詞題中非常重要的解題方法，考生在掌握了此類方法之后，可以在各類題型中融會(huì)貫通，真正做到閱讀理解解題質(zhì)的飛躍。